Communication Management

Sometimes we want to be everything to everyone and most of the times we figure that it is impossible to be perfect in the eyes of family, friends, and especially employers. Many times we questioned and judged the way people in management handled situations or themselves. When a mini crisis hits the office, most managers are simply reacting to the situation and have not worked or prepared on proactive steps to avoid such mini-daily crisis. The role of managers comes in three flavors, interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Sometimes with the help of a mentor (s) we can developed all three, but in most cases we find ourselves being good at one or even two, but we are rarely good at all three. Managers that show great skill in the interpersonal role category have the ability to be a liaison between the company and the many contacts outside the company that can help the business grow, become successful or even get out of bankruptcy like in the case of Chrysler. Most of the managers in this category can be seen as a figurehead that simply performs ceremonial duties (James O’Rourke. IV 2013) I honestly have no way to compare this or any type of management style outside my home. I have never been a manager and that would be my greatest weakness in these particular roles. I know that I am capable of representing my family and employer with great pride, as I charter the rough waters and issues, as they come. But, I know that I work hard at planning and being proactive. I am a person that does not let the current crisis take over my life. It takes time to plan and adjust to new situations, and at the end it always pays off to be proactive. If you do prepare for the worse, hoping for the best, you will always be somewhere in the middle and I am good with that. Informational role managers have the ability to collect, analyze and disseminate many kinds of information (James O’Rourke, IV 2013. ) This is who I would consider to be the floor manager. They are constantly moving information among all immediate employees or family member in my case. This would be the manager role I fit into at this point in time within my family group. I am able to the pinpoint the problem and solution to the problem in rder to bring the group together and accomplished our long-term goals. I spend most of the time making sure all parties involved are able to see the issues from another perspective. I can help them reached an agreement on their own without any of the parties feeling as if they did not get what they wanted out of the deal. The last management role is that of the decisional in which the manager finds him or herself determining who gets what resources, how much, when and why (James O’Rourke, IV 2013. ) This manager also act as a negotiator to those with whom he or she deals on a daily basis (James O’Rourke, IV 2013. I think I fit this description well but again with no prior experience it is very hard to determine where you fit or where you do not fit as a manager. I may have some traits or be able to develop others with the help of the right person as my mentor, but as of right now it would be very hard to say what I could do in any specific situation that calls for a hard decision that may impact any other persons career and life in anyway. It is easy to access ones traits and skills at any point in time, but during a crisis our instinct may take or make a different decision than that of what we are on paper. Reference: James S. O’Rourke, IV, Management Communication A Case –Analysis Approach, Pearson

Decentralization under Articles of Confederation

The constitution adressed the problems of decentralization powers under the Articles of Confederation. Three problems that existest were no national currency, unicameral legislature, and cogress had no ability to tax. The tension between decentralized and centralized power are argued to still exist through environmental policy, gun control, and disability access. These tensions are illustrated in deforestation, no â€Å"national police† to control firearm distribution, and the Americans with DIsabilities Act. One major problem of decentralized powers under the Articles of Confederation is that there was no national currency.Each state had a different type of currency that could only be used in that state. For example, money in maryland could not be used in virginia and sometimes even had a different value. The Constitution created a national standard and a National Bank to solve this problem. Another problem of decentralized powers is that the Aticles of Confederation had a un icameral legislature, which meant no power check. The three branches of government could not hold any sort of power over the other so it opporated more like three separate functions rather than one government for the people.The newly created bicameral legislature took care of this problem in the Constitution. A third problem was that congress had no ability to tax. After the Constitution was passed, congress could tax and therefore could have money to fund things like job creation and war. There are ongoing tensions between state governments and the federal government when it comes to power and its control over citizens. An environmental policy example is that some states find it more difficult to abide by federal guidelines for deforestation because they have big populations that are growing even larger.A gun control example is that since there is no â€Å"national police† to control the distribution of firearms (both legal and illegal) it will have to be handled by the stat e police which costs states money. State buildings and private buildings are required to be built to accommodate people with disabilities because these people are protected by the Americans with Disabilities Act. Since their civil rights can not be violated, they have to have equal access. This, again, costs states money to bring buildings, streets, etc, up to standard.In central governments the national government has a national policy, in decentralized government states have to meet the guidelines created by the law or face fines/removal of federal funds. The Constitutions was an attempt to address the problems of decentralized goverment which were no national currency, unicameral legislature, and cogress had no ability to tax. The tensions between decentralized and centralized power are still agrued to exist today in environmental policy (deforestation), gun control (no â€Å"national police† for firearm distrabution), and disability access (Americans with Disabilities Act ).

A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare

William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream is unique as there is a drama during the play. Shakespeare uses the character 's funny nature to describe the drama. Characters can be divided into four groups: the Athens Court (Duke, Hippolyte, Eggers, Philippines), the young lover (Helmer, the responder, Helena, Demetrius), the fairytale kingdom (Oberon, Titania, pack and small fairy) ); And workers (bottom, quince, flute, nose, star level, and perfect). William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream Author: Midsummer Night's Dream Depending on William Shakespeare, I was born in Stratfort-upon-Avon (Stratfort Upon Avon) in 1564. After he attended Stratford School, he married Anne Hathaway in November, 1582. Five years later, they got their first daughter. For some reason, he went to London and became an actor play writer. At the beginning of his career, he was both an actor and a writer ... - William Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream as there is a drama in the play. Shakes peare uses the character 's funny nature to describe the drama. Characters can be divided into four groups: the Athens Court (Duke, Hippolyte, Eggers, Philippines), the young lover (Helmer, the responder, Helena, Demetrius), the fairytale kingdom (Oberon, Titania, pack and small fairy) ); And workers (bottom, quince, flute, nose, star level, and perfect). William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream has an infinite image of water and moon. Both images give a sense of calming women's temperament and mind. In classical myths, the image of the water is often associated with the goddess of Aphrodite, passion and love. Aphrodite was born in the sea bubble and was honored as a loyal wife of her husband Hephaestus (Grant 36). This may directly affect the infidelity of the four lovers in the forest, Hermia, Helena, Lysander, Demetrius.

My Teaching Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Teaching Philosophy - Essay Example I don’t want to produce a workforce that is well educated but not competent enough to handle the complexities of the real life problems. Using moving image is a very important part of my teaching style which makes it all the more convenient for the students to understand the concept. I believe that human tendency to learn is at its best when it requires the humans to use maximum senses. Thus, if I only deliver the lecture without showing the students videos, they would only engage their hearing sense to understand me in the class. On the other hand, when I supplement my theoretical demonstration with the moving image, the students not only engage their hearing sense in the lecture, but also make use of their viewing sense. Thus, learning occurs at two levels. I also need the multimedia demonstration in order to show the videos of concepts being applied on the real life cases. Therefore, multimedia is a very essential component of my

International Management Ethica and Values Essay

International Management Ethica and Values - Essay Example Ethics establishes have certain characteristics since it involves learning the right and wrong. Most ethical decisions have multiple alternatives unlike the legal decisions. Ethical decisions also have mixed outcomes unlike legal decisions that have certain outlines for disobedience. The consequences of the ethical decisions are uncertain unlike in legal decisions whereby the outcome of the legal decision making is known in advance. There are certain decisions that are both unethical but legal for instance betraying the trust of a friend is not illegal, but many people may consider it unethical. An example of decisions that are legal but unethical include a stockbroker recommending a buy option of a particular stock that he has adequate information that prices may likely go down in the future. Another legal but unethical decision is when a mechanic refuses to recommend installing an expensive machine even though he is aware the overall costs of production will decline. Examples of et hical but illegal decisions include writing a post-dated cheque after the client or customer agrees for delivery in next paycheck in the bank. Conflict of interest occurs when the individual has vested private interests whether in employment or discharging professional services. The self interest should appear to influence the objective discharge of the duties. The interest may be personal interest or financial interest. Conflict of interest occurs when there is a convergence between individual relationships and his professional or official responsibilities to the organization. Some areas of conflict of interest include accepting bribery, using the company’s property for self purposes and utilizing the employer’s confidential information for private purposes. In managing the conflict of interests, organizations should establish a code of conduct and policy that guides all employees in the

Social Cognitive Theory of gender development and functioning Essay

Social Cognitive Theory of gender development and functioning - Essay Example Though there are both positive and negative effects of classification through gender, it can be considered as the main basis in the segregation needed in different aspects of life (p. 92). Gender differentiation is another influential concept that has effects on the social functions and roles of a person. This can be attributed to the fact that the society often presents a double standard on the genders resulting to prejudice on the basis of being male or being female. The stereotypical notion, that males are stronger, more capable and have higher status, can be considered as the effect of such view. Although gender differences can evidently be based on the physical attributes, it is the socio-cultural aspect which can greatly affect the development of a person (p. 92-93). There are different theories through the course of history include the Freudian psychoanalytic theories, Kohlberg’s cognitive theory, the gender schema theory and the social and biological theories (p. 93). The study undertaken is focused on the discussion of the Social Cognitive theory which constitutes different aspects namely biological, cognitive and social. The said theory can be considered to have the important applications in the different scenarios in the society due to its recognition the complex interaction of functions that can constitute the gender development of a person. In terms of the basic point of view of the theory, it can be considered as a synergy of the concepts of personal, behavioral and environmental theories which include the different interactions between the said factors can be considered as the main strength of the Social Cognitive Theory (p. 94). It can be analyzed that from the main cause and origin of the said theory, the cognition and the analysis of the different issues and concerns within the social realm is the main

Morality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Morality - Assignment Example Morals became so obscured in this day and age that people does not only neglect to practice it but also not sure of what it means. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defined it as â€Å"some codes of conduct put forward by a society† and these rules are central in formulating ethical theories (2011). We now often hear ethics in class and to put it in proper perspective it was defined by Kant’s deontology that posits that the best way to act morally to act from duty with the consideration of the highest good, that is, acting through the moral determination of the will. Kant’s acting through the moral determination of will meant that the motivation of one’s action must be pursue the good without condition which is intrinsically good by itself (Kant 30). He formulated his deontological ethics in a categorical imperative of doing good for the sake of good regardless of its consequence (Kant’s Ethics). Considering the number of corporate scandals from Enron to WorldCom that helped slid this country in financial crisis, I am more inclined to believe that it is still better to be moral or ethical. Many people may disagree with my position as impractical that will make me finish last but I prefer to be moral and ethical. I can however rebut that as what we can see in the experience, the gains that were garnered with the lack of morals or ethics are short lived and temporary. We all see it on national TV where corporate executives were arrested for fraud. Criminals also lack morals and while they can get away with their crimes, it is again temporary and sooner or later, they too will be arrested. On a personal level, I believe nobody would disagree that we all want to deal with the people we trust. And earning trust requires a great deal of integrity and honesty such as keeping one’s words, not taking advantage of others etch all of which are the realms of morals and ethics. In the same vein, we also avoid dealing with people who

The Efficiency Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Malaysian and US Term Paper

The Efficiency Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Malaysian and US Banking Institutions - Term Paper Example The effect of globalisation on trade and business is the most prominent aspects and this has created the impotence of deregulation for encouraging economic growth. These market deregulations have intensified the market competition and the existing players are trying to gain upper hand position in the market. In this regard, Hope and Maeleng have mentioned free trades as â€Å"competition–enhancing devise† (Hope and Maeleng, p.61). In such competitive business environment, every organisation is trying to be larger in terms of value, market size, consumer base etc. However, achieving rapid growth is tedious and long term process that may cause in not catering the available opportunities before rivals and this process of growth is known as organic growth. On the other hand, mergers & acquisitions (M&A) leads to achieve a rapid organisational growth. Today, M&A has become very popular strategies for the business and market expansion in domestic and in international market. However, M&A is riskier strategy as it influences the engaged companies as well as the entire market (Hagelm p.155-157). This paper will present a discussion on the effect of M&A on banking institutions and financial markets of Malaysia. 2. Overview of Malaysian and US Banking Sector USA is highly developed nation with a huge financial market. Prior to the financial crisis of 2007-2008 US market was considered to be the most stable financial market. The period of the latest financial crisis has made the entire financial market weak as many top financial institutions including top banks like Lehman Brothers have collapsed severely. Since 2007 till 2009 US banking sector have experienced several bank failures and merged. The statistics are presented below in the table. Table 1: (Source: Fahlenbrach, Prilmeier and Stulz, p.40) However, Now US banks are attempt to recover from the crisis as the banks like JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs are showing considerable growth (Ferreras, â€Å"US Ba nking Sector Endeavors Recovery—Research Report on Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase’s†). However, majority banks are still facing crunch situation and hence, many have commented that it will take a significant time to recover. On the other hand, market indices for US banking sectors depict a positive result which has been presented below. Figure 1 (Source: Fahlenbrach, Prilmeier and Stulz, p.33) Malaysian is a one of the rapidly developing countries in the Asia Pacific region. The effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 were on the most of world economies directly or indirectly. However, in case of Malaysian economies it was not hurt significantly and hence, its banking sector kept growing during financial crisis. Bank Negara Malaysia is central banking responsible for regulating other commercial and other investment institution. The following table represents number of financial institution including banks as per November 2009. Table 2 (Source: MIDA,  "Banking, Finance and Exchange Administration†) Malaysia banking has anticipated a growth in loan amount in during 2010 as it loan amount increased by 12.8% comparing to previous years. Analysts, Lin and Mee have commented that â€Å"Within the retail segment, mortgages, hire purchase and credit card loans grew by 13.2 per cent, 7.7 per cent and 14.2 per cent respectively†

A) what are the main attractions of an import substitution strategy Essay

A) what are the main attractions of an import substitution strategy B)how do you explain that several developing countries have not suceeded to deepen the proc - Essay Example Proponents favour the export of industrial goods over primary products. The strategy may be adopted as a matter of economic policy and to attain industrialisation. In such context, Wikipedia (2006) said: â€Å"Import substitution industrialization (also called ISI) is a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports, mostly finished goods, with locally produced substitutes. The theory is similar to that of mercantilism in that it promotes high exports and minimal imports to increase national wealth.† It further said, the policy has three major tenets: (1) an active industrial policy to subsidize and orchestrate production of strategic substitutes, (2) protective barriers to trade (namely, tariffs), and (3) a monetary policy that keeps the domestic currency overvalued. Hence import substitution policies are not favoured by advocates of absolute free trade. The failure of several developing countries of not having succeeded to deepen the process of import substitution into its second and third phase could be attributed to the defect of the strategy as determined by results. The experiences of several developing countries are thus cited below to explain the failure. We will start with the Latin American countries, followed by East Asia and then we will discuss the cases of Malaysia and the Philippines. Wikipedia (2006) said: â€Å"Import substitution policies were adopted by most nations in Latin America in the 1930s and 1940s because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the 1950s the Argentine economist and UNECLA head Raà ºl Prebisch was a visible proponent of the idea. Prebisch believed that developing countries needed to create forward linkages domestically, and could only succeed by creating the industries that used the primary products

Circuit analysis lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Circuit analysis - Lab Report Example According to ( Sharma)â€Å"Potentiometer also known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable resistance or variable voltage†. Here, the transmission of power is possible with DC voltage hence DC ground components are loaded in the software to aid the experiment. The main objective of the study is to understand the relationship between circuit configuration and other components in determining the output of current to the circuit. In the experiment, the main two components are the potentiometer and the LED. For this study, the integral platform is the Multisim software which aids in circuit simulation and designing which in turn gives chance to the researcher to create analyze and optimize circuit board. Here the main objective is to utilize the ideal software like multisim because it helps the experimenter in circuit designing and voltage valuation. The experiment is conducted with the help of Multisim software where circuits in different configuration like parallel, combination and two components are set up. In the first step, the circuit measurements are taken and are fed in to the software. Next through the multisim software, the circuit is constructed. For this purpose, the design layout is used and for the experiment with components the resistor tool section in the software is used. Then the component label is set as R1 and R2 and value is set as 2.2 Kâ„ ¦ and 5.1kâ„ ¦ respectively. Next, the R2 component is arranged vertically by rotating it 90 degree. Then the DC voltage and DC ground components are added in the software with this the component insertion occurs and the sample circuit is showcased in the software space. Further in the experiment the wires are added with voltage value which is 2.1â„ ¦. Then the multimeter is placed above each resistor to gauge the â€Å"voltage drop† and these are called â€Å"XMM1† and â€Å"XMM2† respectively. Later the

The New Technology of War Essay Example for Free

The New Technology of War Essay Tanks: Tanks were massive killing machines, which could hold many goods and many men. This was an advantage because before tanks were invented, the soldiers had to walk to and from different battlefields under the risk of shellfire. The tanks were obviously bullet proof and protective and could move through the battlefield. They could go through wire entanglements and cross enemy trenches. This was useful to make a space for friendly soldiers to attack and could push back the enemy frontline a few miles. The tanks were strong enough to carry massive guns capable of blowing down enemy trench walls from a 100 metres away. Ties meant that the enemy would be open so the friendly soldiers could shoot in. Because the tanks were so massive, they tear up mud by their caterpillar tracks, which make it a disadvantage for friendly troops to run and walk over. Many of the German trenches were too wide so the tanks front fell into the trenches instead of going over. Consequently if the machine gunners were close to the tank, they could put sticky bombs on the side of it. The tanks were sometimes unreliable and most broke down at the start. This meant that lots of them would be a waste of money. There were still many mechanical problems with tanks, but they proved themselves to be a weapon of the future. In the event, the full potential of the tank was not to be realised until it had been from its infantry support role. Once it appeared, backed by air power, the age of battlefield domination was over. Wars of movement were once possible. With machine guns the tanks were killing machines that were lethal. Machine guns: It provided rapid and sustained fire so you wouldnt waste valuable time reloading the weapon. This also meant that the enemy could be mowed down easily so that it could hold the frontline and was a very valuable defensive item. They were useful in planes because it was very hard to hit enemy planes so machine guns could fire randomly and fast so there would be a definite hit. The machine guns were very expensive and when in a time of war, countries were strapped for cash so they were very rare. They also used a lot of ammunition. Around 120 bullets were fired per minute so it would cost lots and lots of money to fuel it. The machine guns could not be used to attack because they were too heavy. Also if their own troops were going across, then the machine gunners would have to stop because they would kill their own men. The machine guns were a great invention and provided a fresh new start for some future technology. It proved useful in many battles. These machines mainly won some of these battles. Gas: The gas method was deadly and had never been seen before. It could spread through walls and trenches and went as far as it could until it diffused. This meant that you didnt always have to hit the right spot while releasing the gas. The gas could also kill people fast and could cloud the vision of many people so they would wander out, linking it to the tanks and so the tanks could move across without being seen or heard if the soldiers had gas masks on until the tanks came close. Usually to attack you would need to lose a few men at least but this new method meant that no friendly soldier would be hurt in the process. Although gas could kill quickly, it took a long time to get to its destination just like a zeppelin. Lots of gas was really needed to kill the enemy soldiers because the gas needed to be dense. This meant that it was expensive to use the gas and it wasnt always effective because most of the soldiers had gas masks after a few months. This meant that gas could be totally ineffective and so it would be such a waste of money on the gas. Gas, of course, could accidentally come back to your own trenches from wind coming your way. Gas was highly feared by many humans throughout Europe because many rumours had gone around that it was the work of the devil and could kill anything so when gasmasks were introduced it meant that many people were rushing around for them like they were a saviour. Planes and Zeppelins: Planes and zeppelins were very useful because there was warfare everywhere. On land, under ground and on water but now in the air. It was useful because no guns were able to fire up at 180à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ so planes were very unlikely to get shot down. They could drop bombs straight down on the enemy. This meant they could be accurate. Planes are linked with machineguns because of the use of them in planes so you didnt have to be accurate to shoot fighter planes. Zeppelins could be massive transport carriers of weapons and other goods. These sorts of machines would take a lot of time to make and be expensive which makes them like tanks. They were not always in the air and so had hangers and such where lots of bombers could easily blow them up before they could get into the air. Like most of technology, both sides would always find out the secret of the new machine so battles in the sky would always take place and would normally be a long battle or a stalemate. Planes were lightweight because they could not fly if they werent so this meant they had no armour so were unreliable. Planes and zeppelins were not used until the Second World War because earlier planes were unsuccessful and zeppelins hadnt been invented yet. But planes were found to be useful and they evolved around the war. The zeppelins were massive airplanes like air tanks ready to drop massive bombs. Modern Technology These modern methods were more effective, accurate and much more reliable. The older methods included horses, which were fast, but as animals they needed feeding, looking after and they needed rest so that meant they would have to wait prolonged periods for the chance to attack. It would cost money to feed the horse. They needed medicine to look after the horse as well. Dogs and pigeons were also used in the war for communication. Pigeons could fly distances of up to 60 miles and 80% of messages got through. But radio messages and telegraph wires were much more useful and would have direct contact with HQ and all messages would get through. So the older methods were fine for the time. Most battles did not take place and were stalemates so the newer technology was needed to break the stalemate and reach a quicker end of a battle, meaning a quicker war. But machine guns were meant to defend trenches and so were effective that they caused most of the stalemates. Many people had good ideas but tanks were the best and this pushed back enemy lines because enemy machine guns could not shoot them and waves of soldiers followed behind them. But tanks were for blowing up artillery not soldiers. So the army needed a weapon for killing masses of soldiers. The answer was gas. At first gas was used to knockout enemy soldiers but gradually more lethal gases were introduced. To kill, blind, maim and blister the enemy. Gas broke stalemates easily 178,500 British were hurt and 7,500 killed by gas. The Germans had 101,650 hurt and 5,350 killed. But then gas masks were invented and gas became so useless that some other machine was needed. Planes were used in earlier wars but were not effective but now new types were available so armies tried them and they seemed unstoppable by guns because they were so fast and there were battles in the air but as per usual there were guns to shoot down planes. So many new inventions were made and were, as you can see from my evidence, much more effective then old fashioned methods but there was always something to stop the new technology. The best defensive weapon is apparent to be the machinegun out of the new and old technology. This is because of the way it mowed down the enemy soldiers coming towards the trench. They could also be far apart because the gun could rotate up to 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Even though it is a defensive weapon, it was most useful in attacking machines such as planes because of its quick fire. The best technology for attack was the planes because of their ability to pass over anything and have no boundaries unlike tanks, which cant pass over some trenches. They were able to break the stalemate by bombing front trenches and pushing the enemy back. New Technology and inventions were vital in breaking the stalemate in the war on the western front and completely replaced older fashioned methods. To discuss this we need to look at different parts of the sentence. To start off with New technology and inventions were vital to break the stalemate in the war can be discussed easily. It says that they were vital but they were not only used to break the stalemate they were used also to keep the stalemate (machine guns). Some were not vital to the breaking of the stalemate but some were just used to destroy the trenches but not actually cause enough damage to break the stalemate and push the enemy back. The second part of the sentence is and completely replaced older fashioned methods. The word completely should not be used because if all the modern technology failed then the soldiers would have to rely on the older methods. So the word completely should be changed to parts. The fact is that nothing is ever totally replaced or exterminated. For example small pox is still around in the world today but not in Europe and that is why it is like the new technology. It may have replaced the older fashioned methods in Europe but it still did not replace it in the whole world. For example in China at that time, many horses were still used at the time. This sentence only complies with the positive side of the effect of modern technology. It uses two main facts to present the idea that the modern technology was only good. Coming into the new century was a big time for the old 19th century people. They were a new generation of invention lovers who were not afraid of the new technology unlike the generation before them. So they welcomed the new machines not fearing what damage they could do because they had only experienced mostly good things from new machines. Conclusion: The whole point of the essay was not to find out both sides of the modern weapon findings. As I went over the project I found different ideas and views on how technology was good and needed and how European Warfare would have been better off without it. I found out which machines were useful and which caused more hassle than good. I found why people views were what they were and whether they were good enough or not. At first before I came into this project fully, my views were that all technology was for the best but some were not and some were vital for peace. Weapons can be used for peace but they are mostly used for war. I found that tanks, if not invented, would surely effect the damage felt on Britain. Most probably increasing it because of the way the British used it so much. I had also found that if the German machine gun had not been invented, that the Germans may have lost the war much quicker because of the way they fiercely mowed down enemy soldiers heading towards the trenches. I found that many people had to put their trust in the machines and use them because of the inevitable increase in use of them. Many people I have read about have pushed for an technological advance in weapon warfare where others have the sure belief that it will all end up wrong.

Ethnic Notions Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Notions Essay Ethnic Notions is a documentary directed by Marlon Riggs. The title itself explains what the movie is about-impressions of race. Throughout the documentary, Riggs presents the history of stereotypes and shows how they still exist. In today’s society we have become so accustomed with stereotypes that they are considered normal. The movie Ethnic Notations introduces the problem of stereotypes by explaining their origin and history, giving examples, and showing how they still exist today, so that we are no longer fooled and unaware of stereotyping and racism. During the early and mid 1900’s black people were depicted on television and media as ignorant, ugly, violent and inferior to white people. These negative, degrading and horrible images of black people over time shaped people’s views and thoughts about black people and this was how stereotypes were created. Media used caricatures which are exaggerated representations of people to get racist views across to white and black American people. One example of a caricature is The Sambo. The Sambo was a caricature created to depict the black male as being lazy, child like ignorant and care-free making the black male seem more like a child than a male. Another example of a racist caricature is pickaninnies which are black children. Pickaninnies were depicted as ugly kids with rough wooly hair, big eyes, dark black skin, big mouths and bright red lips. Pickaninnies often resembled animals in children cartoons and were viewed as savage by white people. One of the most popular caricatures of the 1900’s is the mammie caricature. The Mammie was an older black woman who took care of the white man’s family. Mammies were shoed as loving mother figures who were fat black and unattractive. Mammies were created to show that some blacks were happy as slaves and loved black people. These stereotypes were disturbing, degrading and in most cases poor representations of black people. It saddens me how whites could think so low of black people or any other human being at all. Sadly stereotypes still exist today in television, media and society. One stereotype I feel definitely still exist today ids the Sambo stereotype although there are great black actors that play dramatic roles most black men in the media are still shown as being careless and immature. However not all stereotypes today are exactly the same as the caricatures from the 20th century but a new modern version. For example instead of black women being depicted as unattractive mammies on television, they are now ghetto loud and un-lady like. Sometimes I even find myself acting out a stereotype, like being loud or cursing in public. After watching Ethnic Notions I feel like stereotypes are too deeply rooted in Americas culture to ever be completely gone. Although this conclusion is unfortunate I do believe that we could make people believe in stereotypes less and less through media, by depicting blacks in a more positive light.

The Sinking Economy Of Japan

The Sinking Economy Of Japan The country which almost ruled the world in economy for decades even being one of the tiniest countries of the world setting an example of perfection in most of sectors is presently suffering from some drastic challenges which have mesmerized the people across Japan as its economy is sinking and national debt is touching sky. The revolutions of growth which started right from the 1868 in the Meiji Period rarely witnessed great slumps till 1990s. Adaptation of free market economy and North American type of free enterprise capitalism took Japan to such great heights from where it never looked to topple down, but alas the growth slowed markedly in the 1990s (i.e. during the Lost Decade), substantively because of the after effects of Japanese asset price bubble and somewhat deliberative domestic policies which caused to extract speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. In the present decade, less stable governments although left no stone unturned to revitalize the gian t economy but were thrashed down by global economic crisis of 2008. In 2010, Japan could do nothing but see its position being acquired by another economy giant China as Japan was ranked 3rd as per economic size in terms of GDP  [1]  based on data from the International Monetary Fund. Besides economy, there are several other sectors which are facing jittery crisis. In this essay Im going to discuss these problems illustratively. Challenges before Japan in a Nutshell: 1) Economic Outlook: * Japans Export Competiveness: Japans blazing economic growth of 1980s was thrashed by the 1990s stock market crash followed by a recession of almost 10 years. Countrys economy revived again but the global economic crisis of 2008 debilitated the economic growth and consequently, Japans ability to produce and export a wide variety of goods is getting constrained resulting in lesser demand in countries across the globe in contemporary times. Since the start of the present decade the contraction in export is almost entirely due to a steep fall in external demand, the reasons may be a shift in global demand structure, arrival of global recession in Japan relatively late with greater severity, impact of yen appreciation etc. The now fragile economic recovery of Japan is running out of stream because of the slow growth in key export markets. As a result private consumption also didnt take off for the simple reason because Japan heavily depends upon exports. It seems that Japanese economy is governed by short term policy making. Appreciation in the value of yen is debilitating Japans competitive power in global arena. So, responsibility is heavy on the government Bank of Japan to take effective decisive action against currency moves. The comparison visible below tells the story: * Decrease in manufacturing: Manufacturing industries make a substantial part of Japans secondary sector with employing almost 28% workforce of Japan. But, due to current sluggishness of economic growth, Japans rank in manufacturing is grasped by china as it toppled to 3rd position and the graph below suggests that USA manufactures almost twice as China, double what Japan makes  [2]  : Developed markets like that of Japan and Euro zone are struggling with stalled recoveries, as in the fourth quarter annualized GDP in 2009 was a mere 0.9% in Japan and 0.1% in Euro Zone. While much stronger rates of economic growth are visible among some fastest growing economies of China, Brazil India. Deflationary conditions are still persisting in Japan. In December, 2009 the overall Consumer Price Index (food items energy sectors not included) stopped at 1.2% which was below than that of December, 2008  [3]  . This happened to be the largest such decline for CPI in history of Japanese economy. The danger inherent in deflationary conditions is that consumers tend to defer purchases as they wait for prices to fall even further. Consumer prices are influenced through changes in governmental policies, so government should make efforts to control deflation. In April-June quarter, the GDP deflator which is considered as the broadest measure of public trends was -1.8% showing a mild improvement from the -2.8% in previous quarter  [4]  and is also suggestive of the fact that how deeply entrenched deflation Japan is experiencing. In order to achieve fiscal reforms, it is a prerequisite to get deflation at 0%. Now lets examine what happens when people start expecting inflation: Since the Global Economic Depression of summer 2008, Japanese companies could not help seeing a steep drop in domestic overseas demand which provoked companies to make adjustments in production to reduce their inventories. It resulted into fast downfall in production mostly in machinery, digital automobiles industry. In 2009, real GDP contracted at an annualized figure of -11.9% in Jan-March, the second straight quarter of double-digit negative growth following a -10.2% fall in Oct-Dec  [5]  . Even in 2010 no great recovery could be registered in economy of Japan as between April and June this year GDP grew by 0.1%, much lower than expected  [6]  . The fatal impact of the global economic recession on world economy caused recurring profits to fall sharply (which were at boom in 1990s) along with mitigation of sales in Japan overseas. The housing market of Japan has not witnessed any positive growth signs since the revision of the Japans Building Code in 2007. Even in 2010 when the effects of the revision of the Building Code have extinguished, housing sales could not notice recovery signs. The reasons may be attributed to the expectation of further fall in housing prices and stagnation of labor industry to create employment environment. Due to the factors above mentioned allied with others, in August, 2010 China replaced Japan as the worlds second biggest economy after overtaking Germany as the largest exporter with a nominal GDP region of $1.337 trillion compared to Japans $ 1.228 trillion  [7]  . To deal with such economic challenges, I think, Japan should first slash expenditures and then increase tax burden as minimum. It is advisable that there should be more focus on spending cuts than focusing on tax increase. The aim of fiscal reform should be equalizing the primary balance i.e. creation of such environment in which current expenditures is financed by current revenues to protect the financial position from further deterioration. * Banking Policies in Japan: challenges and prospects- Japan began the decade of 1990s with a heavily regulated financial system controlled by a resolute undeterred Ministry of Finance (MoF) and ended the decade with great market reforms, a complete restructuring of the financial institutions which were regulatory in nature and providing greater independent to the Bank of Japan amid collapse of asset prices, a looming bank crisis, worsening unemployment the lowest interest rates in industrial world. In the aftermath of the bursting of Japanese asset price bubble which choked the banking system, most of the Japanese banks unveiled unconventional monetary policy measures to cater to the challenges posed by monetary crisis created by aforementioned asset price bubble of 1990s. But had the Bank of Japan cut its policy rate to a great extent immediately after the bursting of the asset price bubble, deflation would have been avoided. The unpractical recommendations made to bank of Japan like all that the bank of Japan needs to do is to set a high inflation rate target and purchase all types of assets including physical assets to achieve the target the central bank should credibly promise to be irresponsible did not help in any way. Although Japan began the decade of 1990s with a heavily regulated financial system controlled by a resolute undeterred Ministry of Finance (MoF) and ended the decade with great market reforms, a complete restructuring of the financial institutions which were regulatory in nature and providing greater independent to the Bank of Japan amid collapse of asset prices, a looming bank crisis, worsening unemployment the lowest interest rates in industrial world. What is the problem and where does the devil lie who has pestered Japanese economy so far; lets examine  [8]  : The decrease in the risk taking capacity of many economic entities which resulted in drastic reduction in effectiveness of conventional monetary policies and in such monetarily pathetic atmosphere, the overnight interest dropped down to zero, limiting the room for additional easing through conventional monetary policy formulae. In the context of Japan, the overnight interest fell to 0.5% five years after the real estate prices peaked in 1990. It took time to recapitalize the banking system. Uncertainty regarding the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is bigger than that of normal times. When the central banks try to create fruitful policy measures in the constrained atmosphere for effectiveness of traditional monetary policies, they are obviously introduced to the vicious area of fiscal policy. Consequently, policymakers are in fear of being accountable to for such policy actions in the Japanese democratic environment. What should Banks do? Maintain the stability of financial markets and the financial system. Inject the capital into the banking system together with the provision of liquidity in order to kill the pressure on the financial intermediation process. Banks may take measures to take on individual credit risk such as corporate debt when there is a major risk that credit market functions shall become worse and consequently, the feebleness of financial conditions is capable of causing loss to the economy of Japan. Communication with the market is very important in order to effectively conduct monetary policy as the effectiveness of unconventional policy is always uncertain and through communication with the market Banks are able to show their commitment to the stability of financial market and financial system. 2) Piracy: a threat to be crumpled down- Japanese industries are facing problems in achieving value creation through the utilization of Intellectual assets due to raising graph of counterfeit, fake pirated products. These issues have rattled the Japanese governments cage to force government to take strict and specific measures to combat as it is opening its first overseas army base in Djibouti to counter rising piracy in the region  [9]  . But neglecting non-cooperative attitude of some countries is posing problems to crush the evil of piracy. 5) Japan Haunting Indebtedness: Economy of Japan got mired in the worst recession since WWII and got edged into deflation. In the 90s Japan was worlds top creditor nation whilst now it ranks 1th among worlds largest debtor nations  [10]  (vide the graph below). Taro Asos government planned 27 trillion yen (almost $282 billion) in stimulus spending since the great recession of 2008 began to worsen the financial system of Japan  [11]  . But stimulus efforts from past economic problems have heaped a mountain of public debt in the region of around 189% of GDP which is highest in developed nations which consequently debilitated Japans capacity to spend its way out of the recession. The great indebtedness of Japan is worrisome because once a government incurs significant incremental debt it results in a political impossibility to go back to the levels of indebtedness it had earlier. The debt levels become almost eternal and even if a practical government runs a surplus, there is a dim hope that ruling politicians would utilize much of that surplus to pay the debt. In order to absolve itself from raising heap of debt, Japanese government should make efforts to attract buyers to the nations increasing debt. Bank of Japan should adopt measures to buy corporate debt and enhance the buying of government bonds to keep funding problems at bay which would have resulted in further derailing of economy of Japan. Despite a debt-to-GDP ratio  [12]  as 189.30% as shown below, the Bank of Japan never seemed to lose ability to set the key overnight interest rate, which remained below 1% for about a decade and the debt didnt drive long term rates higher either. Low taxes: Although getting a horrible increase in government debt, taxes in Japan are relatively low among the countries of Developed world. Japan is the country with the lowest government revenue-to-GDP ratio (31%) and currently the second- highest government net debt- to- GDP ratio (78%), even then its 33% marginal tax rate on average income workers is one of the lowest in developed countries  [13]  . A comparison is shown below: 11) Governance and the Political System: (i) The factor that weakens the power and functioning of cabinet in Japan is the dual power structure of ruling party and cabinet. In a successful cabinet system, cabinet executes the policies of the ruling party as power within a ruling party is focused in the cabinet and the ministers who form the cabinet are the partys prime movers and rest members of the ruling party generally dont defy the polices of cabinet. But it is on earth in Japan that members of the last ruling Liberal Democratic Party (before 2009 elections) who did not become part of cabinet acquired more power than the cabinet and subsequently, many policy decisions were framed through repeated contact, behind the scenes, negotiations arm twisting among top politicians of ruling LDP. It also included disregard of cabinet by tribal lawmakers with close ties to specific political lobbies and powerful bureaucrats. Thus, the decision making power of the cabinet in Japan was totally hampered. The LDP also had its own polic y consideration section called the Policy Affairs Research Council which would examine the Bills and similar policy proposals put forward by the cabinet. Further, government bills cleared by the Policy research council were then approved by the partys General Council before submitting to Diet. This took form of a Prior Screening Sanctioning, a system alien to most of great democracies across the globe. The government Bills would also got modified or vastly changed in this prior screening process and this system reinforced the impression that any proposal approved by the ruling party would be approved by the Diet, reducing the role of the Diet as a mere rubberstamp. The LDPs powerful policy tribes (zoku  [14]  ) had steadily emerged as a shadow government. Thus, Policy Affairs Research Council zoku deliberated in major policy decisions, leaving Diet Committees to fight over politics rather than the substance of the legislation. While all the major political parties have a similar structure including the present ruling Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), Japan is forced to possess a weak cabinet, bureaucrats-led-politics, non-transparent decision making process in high political institutions. But the issues aforesaid are not fundamental institutional issues and there is a scope to deal with these issues to overhaul the conflicting political interests within the parties. (ii) The ministerial coordination and cabinet leadership in Japan has taken a backseat contrary to the spirit of an actual democratic setup. Ministers have become just the figureheads who simply acquire a position on top to promote the existing policies without innovating distinct policies and give priority to bureaucratic advice which makes it difficult for government to give effect to drastic policy shifts to changing social, economic political circumstances. (iii) In 2010, Japan is ranked 24th for democracy, after all developed countries but Italy, Greece Singapore. Astonishingly, it is placed behind even three developing countries: Uruguay, Costa Rica and Chile. These figures present the picture of democracy in Japan. 12) Straining Foreign Relations: Japan needs to address the challenge of Chinas rising regional clout, while keeping ties with this giant which is Japans biggest trading partner on an even keel. Although Sino-Japanese relations have seen positive improvement in recent decades but territorial and maritime disputes still simmer coupled with growing mistrust over military hegemony like China and Japan dispute the ownership of a string of five small uninhabited islands in the East China Sea near the place known as Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China- which are believed to hold seabed oil deposits. There also exist tensions with USA on various issues including the issue to move the U.S. Marine air Station Futenma off the island of Okinawa as Okinawans have long complained about the noise and intrusion of the base and rape of a 12 year old local in 1995 and the charge that a US Marine sexually abused a young Japanese girl in early 2008 renewed public outcry against the bases thus resulting into increased tensions between the residents of Okinawa and marines. Japan and USA are military allies under treaty concluded in 1951 and revised in 1960  [15]  . But the ruling party DPJs past criticism of the bilateral security arrangement may further complicate alliance management issues such as the planned realignment of US forward deployed forces in Japan and the Host Nation Support (HNS) that Japan provides to help defray costs associated with the stationing of US bases across the Japanese archipelago. Besides this, political shifts turmoil in Japan since 2006 appear to have slowed down some of the increased cooperation in the US-Japan alliance. 13) Dullness in Employment Sector: Japans labor market witnessed a recessionary financial system in recent decade with a difficult employment environment. In such a turbulent time, the conservative concepts of employment in Japan are in question and unconventional ideas concepts are emerging throughout the companies of Japan. Ideas such as lifetime employment and seniority based payment are being revised and being replaced with new innovative as well as creative ideas in the process of revitalizing the financial system. Various techniques are entering into Japanese labor system in form of work-sharing, overseas jobs, and part time employment to provide opportunity to people who are unemployed or not considering employment to enter the workforce and contribute to economic development. Solution: (i) According to a report of the Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training (JIL)  [16]  released on work sharing in Japan, it is generally believed that when a country is in recession, the number of part-time and non-regular workers tends to decrease in order to lower costs and maintain the number of regular workers. But, in context of Japan this lacks reality as number of part-time workers has increased while the number of full time regular workers has decreased. In Japan, work-sharing has been utilized to combat the rising number of part-time workers and has been a highly controversial topic among the employer class. JILs report outlines three types of working sharing: Employment Maintenance Job Creation Diversified working Patterns Employment maintenance work-sharing mainly targets midlevel employees, allowing them to reduce their work hours and share these hours among themselves, thus, this facilitates employees to stay employed with their wages adjusted for the hours they work. Job creation work-sharing intends to cut down hours of work at the national company levels aiming at increasing the overall number of jobs. Diversified work-sharing allows employees to pin-point their hours of work in order to allow persons previously unemployed to enter the labor sector. The working patterns mentioned above are useful in many ways. For example, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. announced in Jan, 2003 that they going to introduce work sharing program in one of their factories and over 200 hundred employees were involved in the program which required workers to take three more days of vacation per month and reduce their basic pay y 12%. As per companys estimate, it could save almost 100 million yen and was successful in retaining its employees  [17]  . So, more emphasis should be laid down to implement these patterns to save the sinking Japanese employment sector. (ii) Working abroad either for foreign or Japanese companies may prove an excellent cure to rapidly diminishing job market tighter job vacancies in Japan. Besides, the opportunities stored in the West, there is also great scope in growing economic markets of Asia like China, India, Thailand etc. (iii) Non-regular jobs: The global recession and tattered economy of Japan has forced many companies to severely restrict the number of new graduate recruits so that they can retain their mid-level and senior employees. Thus, surging demand for employment can be checked through establishing job placement offices for part-time offices and distributing incentives in form of subsidies. In 2009, the number young workers with non-regular jobs surged to 1.78 million  [18]  . So, there is a need to frame new policies to assist the young part-timers in gaining full time regular employment. Demographic Challenges: Japans demographic problems seem to end nowhere as the combination of low birth rate, strict immigration practices, and a rapidly aging population are haunting the think tanks of Japan. Japanese women are avoiding marriage child-bearing to meet the difficulties of career and family. The countrys birthrate has fallen to 1.25 which is below the necessary rate i.e. 2.1 to sustain a population size  [19]  . The countrys current population is roundabout 128 million which may fall to about 100 million till 2050  [20]  . So, Japan is on the verge of full-fledged population decline. As per estimates of government of Japan, the nations total fertility rate will continue to fall and that even in 2055, it may only recover to the 2005 levels at the most. In developed countries, it s found that there is a mild tendency for birthrates to rise when female employment is bigger. But, Japan is low in the ranking of both the fertility rate and the female employment rate. Hence it is suggestive of the fact that if more women were to join labor force, birthrates would grow high. However such deduction lacks practicality due to a host of reasons. Another factor responsible for low birth rates is that in Japan the percentage of children born before marriage is also low in comparison to countries like UK, France Sweden where birthrates have recovered. As per my opinion, to improve birth rates, Japan government should hike the allowance for children, increase the allowance for childbirth, provide medical-care subsidies, enhance augment child care centers and give education assistance to support the marries ones as it is quite expensive in Japan to nurture the children. Japan is also suffering from the tag of being the oldest country in the world with a high elderly share of 20% and it will further rise up to 30% in till 2025 and 40% till 2050  [21]  . Another vital fact is that Japans workable population is shrinking which may result in a sharp economic decline. However, 29% of men aged 65 and over remain in labor force which is quite commendable than 20% of USA, 5% of Germany 2% of Japan. To meet the challenges of aging population, the government must ensure that support systems for elderly are not only sustainable but also adequate; government should strengthen the private employer pension system by requiring that all benefit promises including severance pay must be fully funded.

Essay examples --

Ceramics are used extensively in dental restorations because of their superior aesthetics and biocompatibility compared to metals (1). However, the brittleness of ceramics can initiate crack propagation causing failure of the restoration (2). Resin cements are used for cementing ceramic restorations because of their excellent aesthetics and mechanical properties. The cement penetrates any defects or irregularities on the ceramic surface thereby preventing propagation of cracks (3, 4, 5). Optimal clinical performance depends on sufficient resin cement polymerisation. Degree of conversion (DC) is affected by the amount of light reaching the cement which in turn, is affected by the opacity and the thickness of the ceramic as well as the thickness of the resin cement layer. Insufficient polymerisation influences both mechanical properties and clinical performance of the restoration (2, 5). Aims of this study are to see how light transmission (LT) is affected by thickness or opacity of a ceramic and how resin cements thickness affects DC. Hypotheses are: (1) LT decreases with increasing thickness or opacity (2) DC would decrease with thicker cement samples. Method Shade A1, A2, A3 and A3.5 of Base Dentine VN7 powder (Vita, Bad SÃ ¤ckingen, Germany) were used. Ceramic disc thicknesses tested (measured using digital calliper) were 1.40, 1.00 and 0.60mm. Specimen preparation Twenty ceramics discs, five of each shade, were prepared by mixing 0.73g of powder with 0.29mL of Modelling Liquid (Vita, Bad SÃ ¤ckingen, Germany). The mixture was placed in a 1.60mm thick metal ring on a mould assembly and vibrated for 40 seconds. The surface was levelled using a razor blade before firing the discs in a furnace (Vita Vacumat 40, Bad SÃ ¤ckingen, Germ... ... the disc. LT through a ceramic disc would ultimately affect the polymerisation of resin cements. The second hypothesis that DC should decrease with increasing resin cement thickness layer is rejected as the graph showed that 1.00mm resin cement thickness had the greatest DC. A higher DC was seen with thinner resin cement specimens because there would be more LT and the photoinitiator in resin cements needs light to initiate the polymerisation reaction. A thicker resin cement layer would allow less light to reach the bottom so there would be less monomer to polymer conversion and resultantly, lower DC. However, very thin specimens may experience light reflectance which may affect the DC results. Conclusion LT through ceramics was measured and LT decreased with increasing thickness or opacity. DC appeared to increase when thicker resin cement samples were tested.

Spousal Testamony against an accused :: essays research papers fc

Dating back to the 16th century, spouses were not deemed to be competent to testify evidence against their spouse. The reasons were a lot simpler than they are today. Anyone with a perceived interest in litigation was deemed to be biased and therefore unfit to testify. Under common law spouses are considered to be one and the same. Since the 16th century the issue of spouse’s and their ability to give evidence against their partners has become more and more complicated. Modern day courts rely more on preserving the sanctity of the marriage than preserving the incompetence standard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ability to block spousal testimony does not however apply to all couples under the law. Those in common law relationships are not considered to be one and the same and these spouses’s are able to give testimony about events that occurred during the relationship. Ultimately, because the issue falls under common law the question of whether a husband or wife to can be compelled to give evidence against there spouse was at the justices discretion. Most justices are more likely to compel spousal testimony in cases of violence and domestic abuse. The majority of these offences are committed on a one on one basis with either no one to witness the abuse, or a child incapable of being called as a witness. The testimony evidence of the spouse is often the only proof that an offence occurred. In R. v. McGinty, Justice McLachlin concluded that competence included compellability and added a new policy dimension to the analysis. She observed: â€Å"policy interests favoured compelling testimony in cases of domestic violence. Competence without compellability would more likely [contribute to] family discord than prevent it.† In the matter of appearance, she noted that: â€Å"fair-minded persons generally find it abhorrent that persons who commit crimes go un-prosecuted. The state’s duty to protect the safety of its citizens, underlies the testimonial competence in cases of violence against a spouse, also dictates that the spouse be complellable.† Fundamentally the main factors facing a Justice in their decision is the matter of public safety and the harmony of the marriage. Compelling a spouse to testify against their partner is in direct conflict with that ideology. Therefore divorced or legally separated couples do not fall under this category. In R. v. Bailey it was determined that spousal incompetence does not survive divorce. Justice Morden observed that: â€Å"The modern policy justification for the rule in question is that is supports marital harmony.

Tess Essay -- essays research papers

Tess Durbeyfield is a victim of both external and internal forces. Passive and yielding, unsuspicious and fundamentally pure, she suffers a weakness of will and reason, struggling against a fate that is too strong for her to overcome. Tess falls victim to circumstance, society, and male idealism. Tess may be unable to overcome these apparent difficulties is destroyed by her ravaging self-destructive sense of guilt, life denial and the cruelty of two men. It is primarily the death of the horse, Prince, the Durbeyfield’s main source of livelihood that commences the web of circumstance that envelops Tess. The imagery at this point in the novel shows how distraught and guilt ridden Tess is as she places her hand upon Prince’s wound in a futile attempt to prevent the blood loss that cannot be prevented. The imagery is equivalent to a photographic proof - a lead-up to the events that will shape Tess’s life and the inevitable â€Å"evil† that also, like the crimson blood that spouts from Prince’s wound, cannot be stopped. The symbolic fact that Tess perceives herself to be comparable to a murderess is an insight into the murder that she will eventually commit and is also a reference to the level of guilt that now consumes her. â€Å"Nobody blamed Tess as she blamed herself... she regarded herself in the light of a murderess.† Tess views herself as the cause of her family’s economic downfall. Tess’s parents, aware of her beauty, view Tess as an opportunity for future accumulation of wealth. With the unfortunate circumstance of Prince’s death Tess, is urged to venture from the â€Å"engirded and secluded region† of Marlott to seek financial assistance from the D’urberville’s in nearby Trantridge. It is here in Trantridge that she first encounters the sexually dominating and somewhat demonic Alec D’urberville. Alec’s first words to Tess, â€Å"Well, my Beauty, what can I do for you?† indicate that first impression of Tess is only of sexual magnetism. Alec then proceeds to charm Tess by pushing strawberries into her mouth and pressing roses into her bosom. These fruits of love are an indication of Alec’s lust and sexual desire for Tess as he preys upon her purity and rural innocence. Tess unwillingly becomes a victim to Alec’s inhuma ne, violent and aggressive sexual advances. Alec, always the master of opportunities, takes advantage of her while alone in the woods and proceeds to rape ... ...as subjected her to the cruelty of love. Tess, a victim once again is now broken both spiritually and emotionally. It is at this point in the novel that she begins to come to the realization that her beauty is part of the cause of her destruction. In answer to this she dons her oldest field gown, covers half her face with a handkerchief, and snips off her eyebrows to â€Å"keep off these casual lovers†. Unfortunately for Tess she has come to this realization to late. She now is unable to save herself from Alec’s lustful actions and Angel’s idealized reasoning. The potent tragedy of Tess’s life is that her decisions have always been made with good and pure intentions, but have resulted in damaging consequences. Tess is undoubtedly a victim as misery punctuates her life. Tess is a victim of circumstance in that her individuality makes little difference to her fate. She is a victim of society in the sense that she is a scapegoat of narrow-mindedness among her fellow man. She is a victim of male ideology on the grounds that her powers of will and reason are undermined by her sensuality. Tess herself sums up her own blighted life best, â€Å"Once a victim, always a victim - that’s the law†.

How to improve homeland security in the United States Essay

Since the occurrence of the September 9, 2001 terrorist’s attacks and the constant threats by international terrorists such as the al Qaeda, and given the upsurge in other domestic terrorist networks within the United States, several agencies have had to be high on the alert for possible attacks. Moreover, other industries have also experienced the adverse effect of this menace. The entertainment industry for instance, was at an all time low point after the terrorist attacks of September 9, 2001. Woody Allen (2001) observed that â€Å"Everywhere you look in Hollywood since that tragic day; the entertainment landscape has been transformed, as if ripped asunder by a massive earthquake. People have come to work feeling like jittery sleepwalkers, especially after the studios received FBI warnings late last week that they could be possible targets for terrorism. Nearly every studio has been postponing films, giving them face lifts or tossing scripts out the window. â€Å" Los Angeles Times 09/25/01 Despite efforts made by U. S. n liaison with other countries to root out this evil, terrorists’ organizations continue to arm themselves with various complex assortments of weapons, and training their disciples each dawn. The problem of terrorism has further been complicated by terrorist friendly countries that provide financial support, military equipment and other kinds of assistance that help perpetrate the crime. As Rondea (2008) posits ‘Right now, terrorist friendly countries allow or support schools, training facilities and institutions that indoctrinate children into terrorist cause at a very early age. They are literally growing terrorists and terrorist sympathizers. Without ever having met an American, these children grow up into men and women who hate us and believe it is their duty to destroy our nation. These complex dynamic further complicates the problem, making efforts to stop terrorism futile. It is due to these eminent problems that this study has been undertaken in order to counter this problem and thus improve security in the United States. Greater focus has been put on the three most sensitive areas that have been frequently used in the past by terrorists to gain access to the United States. These key areas are: the aviation transport department, the visa waiver program, and the information technology. Aviation Transport Department America’s system for protecting and controlling commercial aviation and guaranteeing its citizens’ safety continues to be a major are of concern, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The Transportation Security System (TSA) employs the use of covert testing to discover techniques that are likely to be used by terrorists (Friedlander et. al 1979). This helps in identifying vulnerabilities and measuring the level of performance of airport systems. One of the methods used during these tests involve passing threat objects through passenger and luggage screening systems. This has been prompted by the realization that some terrorists smuggle dangerous chemicals onboard aircraft in order to construct explosives in flight (Clovis, 2008). Aviation security is made up of several layers. One layer involves the federal government’s ability to respond to threats, both actual and potential, while an aircraft is in flight. The Aviation and Transportation security Act which was enacted in November 2001 formed TSA as the agency in charge of securing all forms of transportation. TSA has since then, cooperated with other stakeholders in developing a layered approach that would guarantee the security of commercial aviation. This approach involves diverse yet coordinated measures that include providing flight and cabin crews with essential security training, thorough and systematic screening of travelers’ and luggage (Dacey, 2003). Response to an in-flight threat is, however, a duty well beyond the jurisdiction of the TSA. It involves four other departments namely: Justice, Defense, transportation, Homeland Security and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). These agencies may coordinate their activities using interagency communication tools in case of security threats arising during in-flight. This coordination efforts are however not only intricate and complex, but also involving. The stages involved include: identifying and notifying concerned agencies of suspected threat; discussing pertinent information and working in collaboration to assess the degree of the threat; making a decision on the action to be undertaken to counter the threat, and taking the action; and where necessary, finalizing the law enforcement response upon landing of the flight (Claude, 2008). TSA working in coordination with DHS has made some progress to counter threats in the aviation industry. TSA has for instance, designed covert testing programs on a national and local level. These programs are risk-based and are aimed at achieving its goals of identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in the aviation security system. Secondly, during the past seven years, several successful interagency operations have been undertaken by federal agencies, some of which have led to arrest and return of suspected terrorists to the United States to face trial. In addition, TSA’s Office of Inspection (OI) has utilized information on terrorist threats to improve its national covert tests and to select suitable airports for tests based on the likelihood of attack by terrorists. Moreover, the federal agencies have carried out more than 200 tests involving federal agencies, state and local participants. However, some tests conducted by TSA have occasionally failed. It is suggested that some of these failures may have been a direct result of poor screening equipment that fails to detect threat objects or a failure on the part of Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) to follow the screening procedures properly. Given that OI does not systematically record reasons for test failures, such failures can potentially limit TSA’s ability to counter identified vulnerabilities. Various suggestions are, therefore offered to help mitigate vulnerability that may arise as a result of such factors. First, documenting all specific causes for test failures related to Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) and those related to screening procedures, is critical to aviation security. This documentation should be done in the covert testing database in order to help TSA recognize areas that need improvement and undertake the necessary steps towards making these improvements. It is also suggested that a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, passing of information on effective practices that are used by airports whose security levels are commendable, need to be put in place at other airports to help TSA managers improve the standards of operation in checkpoint screening operations. Moreover, the Office of Security Operations (OSO) needs to consider in time all recommendations that OI makes as a direct result of covert tests. It should then state its rationale for undertaking or not undertaking to address the recommendations made. In addition, an evaluation need to be done to see whether the steps taken to implement OI’s recommendation actually countered the identified vulnerability or did not. These evaluation needs to be developed by OSO since they are better placed to make follow up and see the changes brought by implementations recommended (Dacey, 2003). Finally, it is also recommended that in order to mitigate vulnerabilities in the transportation security system, threat and risk assessment need to be done. Billions of dollars are spent by the United States annually in countering terrorism yet it is doubtful that these funds are channeled in the right amounts or even in the right programs. An assessment would be beneficial in helping target these funds, consider priority activities and avoid duplicating effort (Dacey, 2003). Cybersecurity Federal agencies are confronted with constant cybersecurity threats brought about by the increase in sophisticated attack methods or the transformation of typical attacks into complex forms that render efforts to counter them almost impossible. Some notable examples include unsolicited commercial e-mail (spam), messages aimed at fraudulently obtaining personal or sensitive data (phishing) and software that monitors the activities of the user without the user being aware or consenting to such intrusion (spyware) (Hare, 2008). Even though initiatives have been undertaken by several entities operating within the federal government, the risk posed by the blending of these threats cannot easily be mitigated with the available equipment at the moment. Some of the initiatives already undertaken include: enlightening consumers about these threats, and targeting computer crime (Perrow, 2007). The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) recommended that in order to ensure cybersecurity, a number of measures would need to be undertaken. Firstly, DHS’s United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) would have to conduct frequent cyber analysis and warnings in order to make timely detection of attacks and threats. Secondly, frequent cyber attack exercises should be conducted and lessons learned be fully implemented. According to GAO’s recommendation, this can be accomplished by completing all corrective activities that the department identifies. Lastly, a strategy should be established to coordinate efforts aimed at securing or improving control system cyber security (U. S. G. P. O. 2004). The coordination efforts should include sharing of vulnerability information with other federal agencies as well as the private sector (Friedlander et. al 1979). In addition, other recommendations made to GAO to mitigate these threats include performing risk assessment periodically, implementing policies and procedures that are risk based to counter identified risks, educating and providing the staffs with security- awareness training and establishing procedures which will help in detecting, reporting and responding to issues regarding cybersecurity threats (Rondeau, 2008). Visa Waiver Program (VWP) The Visa Waiver Program provides way through which citizens of 27 countries can gain access to the United States for a period of 90 days without obtaining a visa (Moss & Michael, 2006). The terroristic attacks of 9-11, however, brought major concerns of the risk of foreigners with malicious intentions gaining entry into the United States. Consequently, tougher measures have had to be imposed to mitigate this potential threat. At the moment, foreigners from VWP countries are required to provide bibliographical information to the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) department before leaving for the United States (Saunter & Carafano, 2005). This is in accordance with the Recommendations made in the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Public Law 110-53, and Aug. , 2007, which also stipulates the guidelines to be adhered to by aliens from VWP countries wishing to travel to the United States either by air or sea. The amendments done to DHS regulations by the interim final rule allows for consideration of countries whose visa refusal rates laid between 3 and 10 percent in the previous fiscal year. Moreover, the regulation provides for the automation of the 1-94W process electronically in addition to enabling the provision of VWP traveler data in advance prior to travel by the individual. This is beneficial as it allows for a thorough scrutiny of the traveler’s documents well in advance before such individual enters the United States (Stiefel, 2008). The VWP however, still has some inherent risks that need to be tackled. Even though DHS has been successful in intercepting many counterfeit documents, an undetermined number of inadmissible foreigners have gained entry into the United States using a lost or stolen passport from a visa waiver country. Secondly, although the program eases consular workload, border inspectors face numerous challenges when screening VWP travelers. Notable among these challenges is the issue of language barrier and that of limited duration for conducting in-depth interviews (Wright & Wiesenger 2008). Moreover, due to insufficient funds, DHS’s monitoring unit cannot attain its main objective of monitoring and providing report on the ongoing security concerns in VWP member countries. Consequently, GAO recommended that in order to mitigate these risks, a number of actions will have to be implemented. First, DHS must incorporate biometric indicators into the air exit system in order to keep its power of admitting other countries into the program. Secondly, it needs to certify that the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) used for screening visa waiver foreigners before they travel to the U. S. is fully in operation by early January, 2009 (Moss & Michael, 2006). The certification will grant DHS power to expand the VWP to countries with visa refusal rates of between 3 and 10 percent. Thirdly, it is also proposed that a clear process be established in coordination with the Department of state and Justice to assist in determining criteria to be employed in considering countries to be included in the program, timelines for their nomination and negotiation of bilateral agreements meant to implement the legislative requirements of the program. Lastly, it was suggested that an office be designated whose purpose would be to develop overstay rate information to monitor whether VWP countries comply with the statutory requirements of the VWP (U. S. G. P. O. 2004). Conclusion New methods for improving homeland security in the United States were the main focus for this study. Particular emphasis was however, laid on the Aviation transport sector, the implementation of the visa waiver program, in accordance with the standards recommended by GAO and on effective methods of countering the risks brought on information technology equipment through computer crime. It can be seen from the study that the effective function of the key security areas discussed lies in the implementation of the weaknesses identified by the researcher and those recommended by GAO following a prior assessment of the operations of these key areas. After these recommendations are implemented, it is believed that homeland security will have been greatly improved. In conclusion, therefore, future research on the improvement of homeland security should address both merits and the drawbacks experienced upon implementation of the proposed changes.

Influential People Essay

In my vitality, I clear had legion(predicate) mixed influential people, hardly I would turn out to say that my aim has nonplus the biggest impact of all. Most everything that I am today is a emergence of inspirations and instances I have established from my Mother. She has made so many different opportunities presented to me, without which I do not know where I would be. I find my Mother to be a very inspiring soulfulness the reasons for this argon infinite. My Mom has been through threefold hardships over the course of her deportment and throughout it all she has become an exceptionally strong, loving, and owlish person. This item al adept amazes me and when compounded with the fact that my Mother, among it all, still manages to have a quick, clever, and offbeat sense of humor I am left fascinated.The things I have knowledgeable and continue to contain from my Mother are endless she has taught me all of the founding principles of my sustenance and for that I am et ernally thankful. though my Mother and I have many discussions on various subjects, within whom I learn many different things, I believe that many of the things I learn from her are discovered and observed from example. This pass would be an instance. Together, we faced many hardships that unfeignedly pulled and tugged on our race. We worked through possibly one of the hardest things a mother could ever go through.It not only brought us finisher together, provided it made me realize how often she loves me, and how she is al slipway going to be at that place for me. It is common knowledge that not everyone is perfect, even so heroes, and in realizing this I know that I although I wish to be same(p) my Mother in most ways I do not in all. This realization may be one of the most important things I have learned, my Mother has taught me to base my decisions in life not solely on the examples and actions of others but simply on what I call for and learn from the examples and acti ons of others. In other words, she has taught me not to follow blindly but to make my own decisions based on what I think is important.My relationship with my Mother is something that I treasure above everything else in my life. We are able to play and joke worry young children and have serious in depth conversations on some of life hardest subject like mature adults. The various levels that my Mother can reach me on astound me and I think that it is what makes our relationship truly special and what makes her such a wonderful influence.

How the Town of Maycomb Strongly Demonstrates Social Iniquity Essay

raft can be unfair, unjust, and downright cruel. In the young To Kill a flouter, thither is a good demonstration by the members of Maycombs union of the theme of cordial iniquity that has really unanimous supporting evidence towards this opinion. M each diametric acts argon establishn to price the county of Maycomb is dyed and unfair to its members. It proves things ar non as they projectm considering the fact that the county of Maycomb is a very proper and classy root of multitude, to some(prenominal) extent. But, as opusy the great unwashed read, they notice there ar hidden things involved in this not so proper place. People in Maycomb be biased towards others based on their colour, job, date, g curioer, age or family. In more than wizard way be citizenry discriminated and tempered contrastingly collectable to these aspects of them. Examples that ar shown in the novel of social iniquity the difference in treatment from a unclouded man compared to a con traband man, the missionary heap or the assorted age free radicals in Maycomb.In the county, there are a throng of ladies that exchangeable to get unitedly and talk ab come out situations that go on in Maycomb and get each others stimulant on each of the situations that are brought up. They worry to accost themselves the missionary circle. slightly deal think that this group is just a group built to gossip. I heard Mrs. Grace Merriweather giving her report in the living room on the equ wholeed lives of the mrunas, it sounded to me. They posture the women out in huts when their time came, w despisever that was they had no adept of family- I knew thatd distress Aunty. (Lee, 121). This quote is alone just an example of what the missionary circle dialog active. They find different topics and news roughly the county and pull together around at different locations to talk about it, acting as if they are a club.They all havedifferent opinions, sometimes belittling differ ent figures or characters in the novel. Some of the opinions foundern from the members resile upon other members opinions of situations or characters making some opinions bias. Some of the things utter by the missionary circles members can be untrue. Since the characters or figures that are world spoken about are not there to defend or give their point of view, this traces the understanding unfair. I give notice (of) you there are some good unless misguided people in the town. Good but misguided. (124). This quote is in indite to genus genus genus Atticus. Some people could say this quote has a significant impact on this novel because it opens the watchword of the group up to different people in the town and the enouncement, sometimes false, that they get from people.Everyone has their own opinions of others, sometimes their opinion is part of psyche elses. The missionary circles members are socially high in the rankings from the opinions of others. They tend to be the p opular group in Maycomb which is wherefore Alexandra wanted to join the group in the first place. The members of the missionary circle consider themselves beauteous upstanding Christian women of Maycomb. The missionary circle talks about different people in Maycomb and where they are ranked in the social standards to their perspective. The murky people of Maycomb tend to be a topic the group talks about and most of the rest of the county.In the novel, people tend to make it seem as though black people are treated very poorly compared to white people. White people think they are better than them and consider it a crime if a black man beatniks a white man in any way shape or form. This is when Tom Robinson comes into play. He is a huge aspect of the book. He is aim into trial for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell. When the court date comes, the entropy gathered from both sides point to Tom as world innocent. Many people suspect Mr. dockage Ewell was the man that beat Mayella for coming to a black man. Evidence suggest that Tom Robinson only losings his case because of his colour. Even in the courtroom, people are divided by their colour and class. The black people of the crowd have to sit on the balcony spell the white folk sit on the floor.This is inequality against the black race. They are treated differently than the white people because of false and prejudice nous and opinions of others. A white mans word against a black mans word, the white man always wins.(Lee, 243) This quote is a significant tack together of evidence that represents the injustice and biased treatment against black people in Maycomb. This can withal manifest the fact of how Maycomb tends to be bias towards characteristics of people or families that are out of their control such as age, gender, wealth, race or even your family. Everything the people in Maycomb are is based upon these factors that are out of their control. Atticus tells observe Its not okay to hate anybody. (pg. 246). This quote is significant because Atticus is trying to tell Scout that you cant not like anyone for no reason.He is telling her not to judge a book by its cover. He could be suggesting giving everyone a chance onward you give them a negative judgement. In a way, Atticus is trying to navigate Scout away from the viridity disease in Maycomb of false judgement remote the rest of Maycomb. Not many people see how they are unfair to each other but it tends to stand out to Atticus which is why he tries to treat people fairly. Atticus also tries dogma Jem and Scout to be respectful to elders and the adults in Maycomb. at that place are different cases for different people that are older that the kids dont understand and Atticus is trying to make them appreciate them without telling them their situations.In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the constituent of adults is huge. When Scout first goes to school, her first teacher, Mrs. Caroline Fisher, doesnt know the customs of the c ounty so she assumes something about the Cunninghams family. She doesnt know that the Cunninghams dont burgeon forth anything they couldnt pay back so it seemed as though she got offended when Walter didnt take the quarter. Everyone in the class knows what the Cunninghams are like so when this happens, the class reacted surprised. Mrs. Fisher did not show an act of false judgement which shows that things change in Maycomb. Over time, people begin to look at different situations a bias way due to the perspectives of others. She alsodoesnt like the fact that Scout can read. It seems as though she was discouraged by a childs knowledge and didnt know how to react towards it. Jem and I hated her.If she was on the porch when we passed, we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless scrutiny regarding our behavior, and given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to when we grew up, which was always nothing. (Lee, 13). This quote shows the false judgement on Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose on the children. Most of the adults in Maycomb do not fully respect Jem and Scout. This is because of their age something they cannot control. People treat them differently based on this because nobody stands up for them except themselves. The adults have no reason to follow along in someone elses footsteps in this aspect because no one is making the footsteps for anyone to follow in. Stephanie Crawford even told me once she woke up in the middle of the night and found him look in the window at her.I said what did you do, Stephanie, move over in the bed and make room for him? That shut her up a while. (48). The implication of this quote could be interpreted many different ways. Mrs. Maudie is saying this about shuttle Radley. He is a very mysterious man. Many people in the town have made false accusations about him, not knowing who he truly is, not even what he looks like. Boo is considered a get laid outcast to Maycomb. It is as though he doesnt exist. P eople dont even put the initiative to get to know Boo Radley because if they did, they would be considered weird. Mrs. Maudie is, in a way, sticking up for Boo because she doesnt believe in false judgement. This is Mrs. Maudie demonstrate the opposite of what most adults in Maycomb.People in Maycomb tend to follow other people. This is when a vogue happens. The vogue in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird is social iniquity because of the decisions made upon the citizens in Maycomb. In a way, the missionary circle is a group of people looking for followers in order to continue their club and stream of gossip. People in Maycomb discriminate different people due to their race. This is why black man is considered to be less than a white man in Maycombs social standards. It is a cruel judgement which is why everyone should be given a fair chance before they are given a label. People also judge people by their age.All of these crisp factors are things you cannot control. It is downright cruel and unfair. Social inequity is something quite simple that should be fixed. Many critical factors in the novel end up being decided by discrimination. Most people in Maycomb dont want to break the bowel movement of discrimination and start a new movement by standing up for what is right. It could be very easy to fix. Why carry it on? on that point isnt a point. People just end up being punished or judged due to these factors which isnt right. People shouldnt be judged on aspects of themselves that they cant control. Dont be a follower, be a leader.

Arbitrage in the Government Market Essay

In 1991, study discrepancies in the outlays of ternary foresightful matureness US exchequer trammel nets seemed to guess in the food market. An employee of the unshakable Mercer and Associates, Samantha Thompson, imagination of a musical mode to form this luck in pronounce to attain avail of a everywhereconfident hurt balance by interchange higher-up puzzles for subsisting get toings. Thompson created cardinal artificial bewilders that assumed the m hotshoty fuses of the 8 whitethorn 00-05 affixation matchless for if the adherence had been expected at the category 2000, and ane for if it hadnt been chattered and was held to its matureness at social class 2005. The graduation man-made oblige nurse non collectible exchequer hold fasts that ripe in 2005 with postal code verifier treasuries ( strip bulgeS) that grow in 2005. The semi semi unrealal link up had periodic pursuance defrayments of $4.125 per $ blow pillow slip nurture a nd a nett examination earnings of $ ascorbic acid at matureness in s remove to on the dot scar the silver pay heeds of the 8 whitethorn 00-05 collectible gravel if it had been held to adulthood. Thompson piece the expense of this unreal substance join by development this figureThe use up impairment of the twain confiscates were prone as $129.906 and $30.3125, respectively. She compute the function of units infallible of the 2005 exchequer tie pull down by dividing the semi-annual due 00-05 voucher lay out by the semi-annual 2005 exchequer deposit (4.125/6). The solo equalitytly of the comparability that she did non require was the upshot of units bear of the 2005 stripteaser. She had to calculate the clear up measure in vow to imitate the nones lights of the 00-05 due wed. Thompson did this by development this equation. The nett property flow of the 00-05 trammel was $104.125, the net funds flow of the 2005 exchequer con fiscate was $106, and the final property flow of the 2005 comic strip flummox was $ degree centigrade as at that place ar no voucher stipends in rifles. She set in motion that the function of units need of the 2005 stripper seize was 0.3125, and wherefore instal that the unreal footing of this vex was $98.78.The chip unrealal substance tie up find the non due poses maturing in 2000 with STRIPS maturing in 2000. This man-made draw in whatever brass had half-y early(a) elicit payments of $4.125 per $ degree centigrade organization rank and a final payment of $ blow at matureness in point to simply par manoeuvre the money flows of the 8 whitethorn 00-05 due perplex paper if it had been war cryed in 2000. through standardized calculations of the prototypal man-madeal substance baffle, she launch that she needed 0.0704 units of the 2000 STRIP, and the outlay of this synthetic trammel net was $100.43. What Thompson demonst consider was impress because both(prenominal) of these synthetic terminalss were less(prenominal) than the subscribe to toll of the 00-05 exchequer alignment. In dominion markets this shouldnt be the case because the synthetic obligate would be worth to a greater extent to investors since it does non entertain a salvation veracious to the government. In new-fashioned(prenominal) words, the after partcelable tie down should deal a reject charge than the synthetic non due wed.2. in that location be dickens ship canal that Thompson could feat this equipment casualty anomalousness that she base. If she already held the 00-05 exchequer adherence, whence she could presently trespass on the impairment variation by merchandising the 00-05 exchequer adherence for the importune set of $101.125 and purchasing one of these synthetic chemical chemical stupefys. Whether to steal the 2000 synthetic attach or 2005 synthetic bond is up for study and suasion just n ow it efficiency be suggested to go with the 2005 one since the footing of $98.78 is flat little than the price of $100.43 and thither would be titanic price impact. By merchandising the 00-05 bond and get the 2005 treasury bond, she would be acquiring the uniform bills flows for an nimble refuse price. The here and now look that Thompson could operation this set unusual person would be if she does not really hold all bonds at all.A dough could be clear by establishing mindless positions in the relatively price warrantor and huge positions in the relatively underpriced earnest. Thompson would seize on the 00-05 treasury bond from a school principal and thus merchandise it. With that money, she would subvert a synthetic bond and look for the 00-05 treasury bond to falling off in price as prices fulfil. in one case they do, she would misdirect the 00-05 bond for a unhorse price and sacrifice it clog up to the head, objet dart pocketing slight ly $2 ( workn that she bought the 2005 synthetic bond). in that locations atomic reactor of consume chances when stressful to take utility of determine merchandise. For example, the prices may neer converge and Thompson cleverness end up wait near 15 eld without anything happening. other take a chance is that the dealer mogul call the bond posterior bandage the money is secure up in the synthetic bond. Because of these bumps, it top executive be split up if she doesnt get word and take benefit of the price arbitrage at all.3. done pie-eyed examination, a soldiery of factors could pay observe into fill resulting in the uncommon price of Thompsons evaluated bonds. In studies conducted by Longstaff (1992) and Eldeson, Fehr, and mason (1993) they form that shun choice set were real common, in the end implying that due treasury bonds were importantly price (35). Although it seems preposterous to cave in a prohibitly charged alternative jimmy, T hompson found herself in a speedily ever-changing bond market with the previous knowledgeableness of derived function securities and STRIP bonds. With the accession of STRIP bonds in 1985, problems wax in valuing callable treasury bonds utilise completely zero- verifier STRIP bonds be that they incline to devaluate the implied pickaxes (Jorden et al. 36). In addition, since controvert plectrum value bonds do not have implied volatilities, this raises the dubiousness whether callable bonds be priced rationally (Bliss and Ronn 2). further more(prenominal) into Longstaffs (1992) research, they exercised the striplets court to suss out implied call option set. The striplets ascend uses a U.S. treasury coupon STRIPS and a coupon bond to combine a noncallable bond with the sought by and by coupon (Jordan et al. 37). Longstaff finds that 61.5% of the call values atomic number 18 minus when estimates argon base on the centre of the ask in and ask prices, whe reas 50.7% of the negative call estimates be large abundant to rejoin lolly nevertheless after considering the bid-ask allot (38). Ultimately, the unique determine in Thompsons current function is most(prenominal) probable due to the mispricing of callable bonds at the snip due to the rule of callable bond evaluation and the early ingress of new types of bond securities in the market.4.callable debt gives the treasury the right, provided not the obligation, to ransom the callable treasuries at par (100) on any half-yearly liaison payment assignment in spite of appearance quintette geezerhood of matureness, provided that it gave investors quad months come up ( trade in the government bandage Market). at that place are ninefold upsides for a community to riposte callable debt. The briny originator for this is to give the family (treasury) a intellect of security in that they can pay back the bond in the issuance of an affaire tramp drop. For examp le, if the connection sleep togethers bonds to investors at a 10% refer consider and then this appraisegoes down to 8%, the alliance may give up the callable bonds theyve takingsd and set back them with the demoralize involvement enumerate (8%). due debt is congenital to have when in that location are keen-sighted maturity dates. If you issue a non-callable bond for a touch on summate of dour time, at that place is a rattling(a) sum of risk for the treasury. For instance, if you issue a non-callable bond with a maturity of 25 years and the chase rate goes down over the years, this negatively affects the company. Callability enables the treasury to move to changing relate pass judgment, refinance high-interest debts, and neutralize paying(a) more than the overtaking rates for its long term debt (why Companies get by due link ups).Bibliography1. Bonds 200. wherefore Companies event due Bonds. N.p., 24 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. 2. Jordan, Bradfor d D., Susan D. Jordan, and David R. Kuipers. The Mispricing of due U.S. exchequer Bonds A close at hand(predicate) Look. diary of Futures Markets 18.1 (1998) 35-51. Web. 3. Bliss, Robert R., and Ehud I. Ronn. due U.S. exchequer Bonds best Calls, Anomalies, and Implied Volatilities. The daybook of origin 71.2 (1998) 211-52. Web. 4. Bonds 200. Why Companies emersion callable Bonds. N.p., 24 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. 4. 5. Harvard occupancy School. Arbitrage in The governance Bond Market. N.p., 20 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 June 1995. .